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They forgot that the Social Democrats, too, bore within them this forest-army symbol of their nation; that they themselves had belonged to the closed crowd of the army and that, whilst in it, they had been under the command and inXuence of a highly disciplined and immensely effective crowd crys- tal, the Junker and ofWcer caste.
We might immediately want to ring the terms "open crowd," "closed crowd," and "crowd crystal": terms that Wgure importantly in Canetti's elaborate typology and collective psychology of crowd forma- tions, terms that may, in turn, be suggestive for Baldessari's choice of images.8 The "closed crowd," for Canetti, like the ceremonial congrega- tion in the top half of Baldessari's picture, establishes itself by accepting its limitations, renouncing growth, and putting its stress on permanence and stability.9 But "the open crowd"-like the crowd in Berlin, metonym for "the whole German people"-is what Canetti calls "the true crowd, the crowd abandoning itself freely to its natural urge for growth."10 It is a crowd that wants to grow, it wants density, and it wants direction; its constant fear of disintegration means that "it will accept any goal" and will continue to exist "so long as it has an unattained goal."11 Within such formations, "crowd crystals" are "the small, rigid groups of men, strictly delimited and of great constancy, which serve to precipitate crowds."12 The uniformed soldiers visible in each frame of Baldessari's image exem- plify this type of grouping, which is, Canetti tells us, "all limits":
everyone belonging to it constitutes part of its boundary, whereas the closed crowd has its boundary imposed on it from outside, if only by the shape and size of the building where it meets.13
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